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What are the challenges ahead of UK's expansion plan for Heathrow Airport?

The government of Britain approved Heathrow Airport’s plan for a new runway Tuesday as it pushes forward with the controversial project.

The construction of one of the busiest airports in the world, which is estimated to cost 43 billion pounds ($43.4billion), will not begin until the project has been approved by the local authorities and environmental concerns have been addressed.

The government wants to secure planning approval for the new runway by 2029, and have planes take off by 2035.

Why a third runway for heathrows now?

Rachel Reeves, the finance minister of Britain, wants to bring life back into Britain's economic system. She says that infrastructure projects can help spur growth by attracting investment and, in Heathrow’s case boosting tourism and trade.

Reeves, the Labour budget minister, is expected to announce tax increases in Wednesday's Budget.

Heathrow Airport is operating at 99% of its capacity, and it could overtake Frankfurt Airport as Europe's busiest in the coming years. Heathrow Airport has two runways, compared to four at Charles de Gaulle Airport in Paris and Frankfurt Airport and six at Schiphol Airport in Amsterdam.

What is the history of the Heathrow Expansion Plan?

Heathrow’s third runway was approved in 2009, but it was scrapped after the change in government in 2010. This sparked thoughts about building a hub airport east London before a 2015 commission recommended a third runway at Heathrow.

Heathrow’s third runway was given the go-ahead by Britain’s top court in 2020. However, this was during the COVID-19 epidemic, which halted air traffic.

Heathrow focused on the recovery of travel. By 2024, Heathrow's passenger numbers had risen to 84,000,000, surpassing the pre-pandemic peak and placing the third runway on the agenda.

What are the environmental objections to the expansion?

Heathrow Airport is located 24 km (15 miles) west of London. Residents have complained for years about the noise pollution, air pollution and high carbon emissions caused by flight paths that mainly go over London.

In the past, environmental groups and groups of local opposition have challenged attempts to expand Heathrow. These groups could request a judicial review.

The use of sustainable aviation gas will reduce carbon emissions in the future, and also help to boost the argument for expansion. This is important because the government must meet the legally-binding net zero targets set by Britain.

Experts say that electric planes and at least 10% jet fuel should be used on flights departing from Britain by 2030. However, the current use is low.

Heathrow is in the best position to benefit from the government's plan to simplify planning rules and make building easier. This legislation is currently going through Parliament.

Last month, Transport Minister Heidi Alexander launched a review on the Airports National Policy Statement. This will help to shape plans that are in line with climate commitments and should be finished by the end 2026.

How will it be paid for?

Heathrow Airport, which is privately owned, has announced that the expansion would be privately funded. The airport estimated the cost of the new runway at 21 billion pounds. This includes 1.5 billion pounds to reroute nearby M25, and 12 billion pounds in infrastructure for the terminals. The airport is spending already 15 billion pounds upgrading the terminals.

Airports owned by Ardian France, Qatar Investment Authority, Public Investment Fund of Saudi Arabia and other investment groups want a long-term financing framework to ensure future returns on their investment in a new runway. Airlines have stated that they don't want to be burdened with large increases in fees for expansion.

Alexander stated in October that the expansion at Heathrow should be done to minimize costs for customers and passengers.

Heathrow Airport announced on Tuesday that it needs clarity on the next phase of the project by mid-December.

What other challenges are there?

Heathrow's proposal would see London's orbital autobahn passing through a tunnel. This is a complex project, on a heavily congested route that has been criticized by the British Airways boss.

The number of construction workers is also falling in Britain as the government pushes for other large projects. Reporting by Sarah Young and Editing by Timothy Heritage.

(source: Reuters)