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Can Africa seize the moment to compete for critical minerals? Andy Home

Africa could transform itself as global competition increases for essential minerals.

Although the continent has a large amount of energy transition metals like copper, manganese and cobalt but it is still far from its full potential.

According to the Brookings Institution, Africa's share in global mineral revenue is only 10%, even though it has 30% of the world’s reserves.

It's possible that there are still more hidden riches underground. According to the Center for Strategic and International Studies, the U.S. think tank, only 10% of global exploration will be focused on the continent by 2024.

As Africa moves to the forefront of the global resource war, the West will be competing with China for the control of metals, which are essential components for both green technologies, and AI data centers.

Can Africa seize the metallic moment?

In order to do this, the continent will have to break away from a long tradition of resource exploitation on its part by foreign powers.

The European colonisation of Africa in the late 19th century and early 20th century laid the foundations of unequal trade relationships based on the extraction of materials for export markets. This pattern persists today.

Africans have sacrificed blood, sweat, and tears to build rubber plantations in Belgian Congo, goldfields in South Africa, or copper mines in what is now Zambia. But foreign investors reap the rewards.

Many African governments now realise that the global demand for critical metals presents a unique opportunity to alter the terms of the resource trade.

Let's Build a Smelter

Building more processing capacity is one way African nations can capture more value in mining.

Indonesia is a leader in the world. The country will ban nickel ore exports in 2020 and force miners to invest into smelters.

This strategy has proven so successful, that Indonesia is the dominant producer of nickel in the world, and exports a variety of nickel products including refined metals with high purity, as well as sulphate, which is used by battery manufacturers.

African countries have taken notice.

Zimbabwe has implemented export controls on lithium. Guinea has done the same for bauxite. The Democratic Republic of Congo also has restrictions on cobalt and on copper.

According to a report published in June by the World Bank and CRU, there are "vast" barriers to starting a successful business.

To make a low margin business profitable, you need the right power supply, infrastructure and logistics. You also need to have the right technical capacity.

These factors may even be more important than mineral reserves themselves.

Look at Angola. Angola is building a smelter for aluminium at Barra do Dande, despite not having bauxite or the ability to convert it into alumina - the intermediate product used in the smelting procedure.

The project has a deep sea port that is suitable for handling raw material and a strategic position?inside a free trade zone. This allows it to take advantage of shared infrastructure, favorable business rates, and reliable electricity supplies.

CORRIDONS OF POWER

Angola is also at the end one of the biggest infrastructure projects in Sub-Saharan Africa - a project that will have a huge impact on the region's efforts to limit the external power of the continent.

The Lobito Corridor is a combination of new and existing rail lines that will link the central African Copperbelt to the Angolan Port of Lobito.

Both the U.S.A. and Europe are heavily backing this ambitious project.

The strategic importance of this is immense

The Lobito Corridor is a Western shipping alternative for the Chinese-built TAZARA rail line that runs from Zambia to Tanzania's port of Dar es Salaam.

TAZARA is a transit route used by a large amount of copper and cobalt in the region as they begin their long journey towards a Chinese port.

Chinese companies operate and own some of the largest cobalt and copper mines in the region, launching a supply-chain that leads to Chinese electric vehicles and humble air conditioner units.

The Lobito Corridor represents a direct challenge against this dominance. The project reduces the time it takes to transport goods from Congo's mining areas to the sea to one week. This helps to reduce risks for potential private sector investment.

China responded by committing to spend $1.4billion to renovate TAZARA which it funded in the 1970s.

In the end, both Congo and Zambia could benefit from competing rail corridors.

GROWTH CONDUCTORS

However, the Lobito Corridor promises more than just a quick exit route for Africa’s metals.

The 1,800-kilometre (1.120-mile route) is designed to create agricultural, metals, and technology hubs.

Western partners are investing in the project not only in hard infrastructure, but also what the European Union calls "soft connectivity". This means trade facilitation, vocational and technical training, as well as a focus on local employment.

In Angola the results are already visible, since the railway infrastructure is being simply upgraded, rather than constructed from scratch as it will be in Zambia by 2030. Upgrades provide immediate economic opportunities in the local economy.

Angolan agricultural products from Huambo Province, the farming heartland of Angola, are now accompanying Congo's cobalt and copper on their way to Lobito.

Angola exports its first avocados into Europe thanks to a trade logistics platform funded by the EU and a EUR50 million investment programme for sustainable agricultural chains.

The Lobito Corridor can be a way to escape Africa's resource-trap.

If they are primarily export-oriented, building processing plants may not necessarily bring wealth to the local economy.

The Congo's copper is now mostly in high-purity, refined metal. However, the country exports it almost exclusively to China for conversion into manufactured goods.

This must change if Africa wants to get a bigger share of its mineral revenue.

HISTORIC MINERS

How to manage the traditional workforce is perhaps the biggest challenge that African countries face in converting their mineral wealth into sustainable economic growth.

Around 10 million people in Africa are involved in small-scale and artisanal mining. Many more depend on this for their subsistence.

Africans have been engaged in mining for thousands years. Small-scale collective operations were the norm, especially in rural areas where employment opportunities are low.

Women and children are still willing to participate in this dangerous job. The environmental impact is devastating and fatalities are not uncommon.

ASM, although called "artisanal", is more often compared to slave labour. The ground?ore is sold by middlemen for a fraction its real value.

ASM is often used as forced labour in conflict zones, such as the eastern provinces of Congo and certain Sahel-based countries.

Africa's historical miner operate in a dark "zone" thanks to laws from colonial era declaring such "native operations" illegal.

Many Western companies are hesitant to buy metals that contain ASM ore, and this is understandable.

Multiple efforts are being made to "formalise" ASM, by integrating its workforce into the official mining industry.

The biggest is in Congo. This country has been long targeted by activists for its "blood cobalt".

Kinshasa tried, and failed before, to find ways to merge its "illegal", underground miners with the official sector.

The new scheme, launched by Eurasian Resources Group, promises better results thanks to new controls on cobalt exports, and increased powers for the mining regulator Entreprise Generale du Cobalt.

Irony?is, if the West is interested in Congo's cobalt but does not want to depend on Chinese operators, they need to look to the ASM sector. The metal must be accompanied by guarantees that human rights violations have not been committed.

Everyone has an interest in bringing Africa's original miner back from the cold. For Africa, this may be the most powerful lever to change a bloody history of exploitation.

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(source: Reuters)