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As Western sanctions target Russian oil, the shadow tanker fleet is growing more slowly.

Shipping sources reported that dozens of tankers joined the shadow fleet in 2014, compared to hundreds the year before. The harshest sanctions ever imposed by the West on Russia's oil exports have made it more difficult to find suitable vessels. Last month, the European Union and Britain imposed new sanctions against Russia for its involvement in Ukraine. In addition to the U.S. restrictions they also mean that more than 440 tankers of the shadow fleet are now subject to sanctions. This includes tankers Moscow uses to transport oil to China and India, its two biggest customers. Venezuela, Iran and Russia all use shadow fleets of vessels to avoid Western sanctions. The vessels are usually old, have opaque ownership, and sail without the best insurance to meet international standards.

The shadow fleet is a weapon that Russia has used since the Ukraine War began in 2022. It has relied heavily on oil revenue to finance its war effort.

The Group of Seven has also imposed a price cap on the level at which Russian oil may be sold, further complicating trade.

According to industry sources, such as Lloyd's List Intelligence, and shipbroker Gibson, the size of this fleet is estimated between 1,200 and 1,600 tanks. The estimated global tanker fleet is approximately a fifth of this size.

Sources say that compared to the few hundred vessels in operation before the Ukraine War, the growth of the fleet has slowed down year on year as the list sanctions has increased and the sales of used ships are being scrutinized by authorities and legal compliance teams.

The shadow fleet estimate does not include the hundreds of smaller coastal oil tankers that are not ocean going but have transported oil primarily for Russia.

Anna Giacomello said, "Regulators have closed the net," in a report published by Dryad Global (a British maritime cyber-defence and risk intelligence company).

Profit potential is still a draw for many despite the risks.

Leigh Hansson is a partner in the Reed Smith sanctions team, which advises shipping companies and traders on oil sanctions compliance.

She said that the established players will stay away, and only those with little or no experience in the shipping market would be willing to take on risky operations with older vessels which major ship insurers won't cover. (Reporting and editing by Barbara Lewis; Jonathan Saul)

(source: Reuters)