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Welcome to the 'New Russia:' How the Kremlin remade occupied Ukraine

Black smoke, burning tracks and blazing trains

The footage posted by Ukrainian fighters online documents their repeated sabotage attack on a vast rail system being constructed by Russia in the occupied territory of Ukraine. Their efforts aren't enough to stop the rapid industrial expansion of Moscow.

Orest, a Ukrainian fighter operating behind enemy lines, in the Donetsk Region, uses his military call sign for reasons of security. He said that the railroad was hundreds of kilometers long. "We're not all-powerful, unfortunately."

According to the Kremlin these occupied areas represent "Novorossiya", New Russia. It's a hive of activity.

A new investigation found that while Moscow is waging a brutal war against Ukrainian forces in the west, the country has been pouring hundreds and millions of dollars in a years-long aggressive buildup of transport and trading infrastructure in areas it?has captured to the east and south.

Reporting shows that the spending spree dwarfs other Russian regions' development funds and facilitates transport of troops, military equipment, grain, and mineral resources. Moscow also has a long-term objective in mind with the construction projects: to weave the seized territory into Russia. This includes the Donbas region, whose fate is at the center of the U.S.-backed peace talks.

Reporting provides the first detailed picture of how Russia-held Ukraine is changing under occupation. This analysis is based on the analysis of thousands satellite images, official Russian documents, public statements, freight and export data, and interviews with over three dozen Ukrainian officials.

Volodymyr Zelenskiy, Ukrainian president, used Crimea to illustrate the Russian infrastructure building in occupied territories. He said that the Russian investments in Crimea are only a "facade", and don't actually benefit the residents of the Ukrainian Peninsula, which Moscow annexed in 2014. In an interview, he stated that "it doesn't seem like a modern resort." "It is all militarized." Zelenskiy’s office did not respond to an inquiry for comments on the findings of the investigation.

Officials at the White House said that President Donald Trump wants to stop the senseless killing and is doing everything he can to bring an end to the war.

Dmitry Peskov, Kremlin spokesperson, said that the four territories were an integral part and "subjects" of Russia. He added: "It's written in the Constitution of the Country."

The construction of the Novorossiya Railways System is already underway. This system includes a 525 km (326 mile) planned line that will be completed in 2023, one year after Russia invaded Ukraine. The route will span the regions Donetsk, Luhansk (which comprise the Donbas), Zaporizhzhia, and Kherson.

In the meantime, the Novorossiya highway is carving its way through those seized territory as part of an 1,400 km superhighway "Azov Circle" loop which will connect these regions with Russia and strategic Crimea.

Under the Russian flag, occupied Ukrainian ports on the Sea of Azov (which connects the Black Sea to the inland Sea of Azov) that were mostly inactive during the early years of the conflict have been reopened and renovated. Satellite images from last August show that a new facility, about the size of a football field, has been built on the docks of Mariupol city in Donetsk during the Russian occupation. A mountain of coal-looking material is also visible in the area.

Satellite analysis conducted by used a machine learning model to scan through thousands of radar and optical images in order to identify major construction. The analysis found that between 2022-2025, more than 2,500 km worth of roads, highways, and railroads were built, upgraded, or repaired in the four occupied territory and nearby Russian regions.

According to Karolina HIRD, a Washington-based national security fellow with the Institute for the Study of War, the Kremlin's investment in infrastructure and its long-term nature show that it has no intention of returning the territories as part of a future peace agreement.

She said that "the way Russia invests heavily in the industry and economy of occupied Ukraine so it can reap profit off the occupation also financially entangles Ukraine with Russia."

This is a bad news for Ukraine, and its European allies. They insisted on Moscow returning the captured land, and rejected U.S. demands that Kyiv cede the entire Donbas to the United States as part of a deal to end this four-year conflict.

Russian auction documents reveal that Moscow also has put up for sale dozens of valuable commodity assets located in occupied areas. Documents from the Russian state auction show that Moscow has also put dozens of prized commodity assets in the occupied?areas up for sale.

The Russian Transport Ministry and Novorossiya Railways - a Russian state enterprise established in 2023 for the purpose of overseeing rail construction and maintenance on occupied territory - did not respond to questions about the status of infrastructure projects.

Moscow is not shy about its claim on eastern Ukraine and the southeastern part of the country, or its desire to combine the two regions into what it calls the motherland. Vladimir Putin also has big plans for the "Novorossiya", a term that refers to Russia's imperial past, which modern nationalists have adopted.

According to an online analysis of data from the government, Russia has allotted about $11.8 billion in federal cash between 2024-2026 to develop four occupied territories of Ukraine as part of its program of priority national development projects. The data show that this is nearly three times more than the money allotted to 20 other federal regions for similar projects.

Putin's vision for the territories was outlined in a speech he gave on the 30th of September to mark the third anniversary since their "reunification". The president claimed that the regions suffered from decades of neglect and the effects of war. He said that Russia has built 6,350 km worth of roads in the region over the past three years.

"A large-scale socio-economic program has been launched. It is essentially a programme of revitalizing our ancestral and historical Russian lands," declared?Putin.

Moscow controls about one fifth of Ukraine. This includes the majority of four regions, Donetsk Luhansk Zaporizhzhia, and Kherson. It has also formally claimed that all four regions are part of Russia.

Ukraine and its Western partners have condemned Russia's move towards annexing the territories as an illegal land grab.

According to the local and Moscow authorities, vehicles and trains transporting people and goods into and out of Ukraine can already circumvent the Crimean Bridge. The bridge was Russia's sole road and rail connection to Crimea. It allowed the transportation of troops, fuel, and equipment via the peninsula. The bridge has been a major chokepoint in the Russian military and commercial flows. Ukrainian strikes have caused delays and disruptions.

Vadym Skibiskyi, deputy head of Ukraine's HUR Military Intelligence Agency, which has been tracking enemy activity, said that the Russians were focusing on building up supply chains to support the war effort.

Infrastructure is the most important issue for Russians. "It is the transport infrastructure," said he.

SATELLITE IMAGERY REVEALS NEW RAILWAY

According to online statements made by Novorossiya Railways in August of last year and the Russian Rail Watchdog, since 2023 Russia has spent $425 million for the construction and maintenance the railway network within the occupied territory.

According to the official Russian media outlet, the centrepiece project is a main line connecting southern Russia with Crimea via occupied territories. The full cost was not specified.

Satellite images taken between July 2023 to November 2025 show the gradual process of a new section of line being laid. This 60-km link between the towns Novoselivka, Kolosky, and Donetsk Region, north of Mariupol.

An official of the Ukrainian intelligence service who monitors Russian activities said that this connection was an example of Russia building new rail connections further away from the front lines, at a safe distance from potential Ukrainian strikes, in order to deliver ammunition and military vehicle to its troops. Couldn't determine whether the line was in operation.

State tender documents reveal that the Russian roads program also absorbs hundreds of millions of dollar, with the Novorossiya Highway Project leading this charge.

According to Russia's official procurement website, 20 tenders totaling more than $214 millions have been awarded contractors. These projects are diverse, ranging from engineering studies to bridge maintenance. The Russian Transport Ministry announced late last year an additional $123 million will be spent on roads in 2026.

UKRAINE OFFICIAL : IT'S LIKE CRIMEA BUT FASTER

It is a mixture of upgraded and new roads that connects existing highway stretches. According to the Russian federal road agency and ministry of transport, it will cover 630 km when finished. The date of completion has not been announced.

Satellite imagery shows the construction of new bridges and interchanges as well as the enlargement of roads.

According to an analysis, road crews have finished the majority of a 100-km section between Taganrog (in southwestern Russia) and Manhush (in occupied Donetsk). The analysis also shows that Russia is building a new major bypass road around Mariupol which was levelled by early war fighting.

The Novorossiya Highway is the leg of the Azov Ring that connects the occupied territories. Officials in Russia say that they intend to finish the highway by 2030. It will connect Rostov on Don in Russia to Mariupol, Donetsk as well as cities in Zaporizhzhia or Crimea.

Olha Kuryshko, Ukraine's representative to Crimea is responsible for monitoring the rights and welfare of Ukrainians who live there. Kuryshko says that Russia is accelerating its efforts to build economic infrastructure across eastern and southern Ukraine, just as it did with Crimea.

After annexing Crimea in 2014, Moscow embarked upon a number of ambitious projects, including a 19-km road span and two power plants to ensure stable electricity for the peninsula.

Kuryshko said that, based on his analysis, "the?Russians" have achieved as much in the three years they've occupied these new territories as in the 10 years they occupied Crimea. She added, "They have done it so quickly, spent so many dollars, and taken everything to the next level from what they did before in Crimea." "Crimea served as their training ground."

KREMLIN COMMANDERS UKRAINE'S PORKS

Russia is also moving to reclaim the occupied Ukrainian ports on the Sea of Azov. The Sea of Azov is a shallow inland waterway that borders Russia and Ukraine, connecting to the Black Sea via the Kerch Strait. Since centuries, the Sea of Azov is a major trading route.

Kyiv has condemned the addition of Mariupol and Berdiansk in the Azov Sea to a list of Russian ports that are open to international ships. The canals that lead to both hubs have been widened and deepened, allowing larger ships to pass through them again. These projects are part of the construction tenders worth over $13 million for the two Russian ports that have been listed on the Russian government procurement website since 2023.

The port, according to two dock workers who requested anonymity and spoke about the port's recent growth, has been significantly busy in recent months. They said that vessels are arriving and departing loaded with grain or coal. However, activity is still below the pre-war level.

According to an analysis of LSEG vessel tracking data, between July and November last, 18 cargo ships operated by Russian and other companies were recorded leaving Mariupol and Berdiansk ports. The majority headed for Turkish ports. We couldn't tell what the vessels were transporting. The Turkish authorities have not responded to our request for comments on these journeys.

LSEG data shows that in 2024, there were no ships entering or leaving the two ports.

The Russians extract valuable natural resources in the occupied territories.

Russian customs data provided by an export data provider shows that, between March 2022 to March 2025 at least 508,500 tons of coal and coke, worth $13.2million, were exported from occupied areas. According to data, the main buyers of Ukrainian coke during this period were trading firms from Turkey and United Arab Emirates. According to the data, coal was also sold to companies in India and Indonesia as well as Egypt and Algeria.

Indonesia's Foreign Ministry said that the country's trading relations are transparent and it imports coal, among others, from Russia, Australia, and China. The other countries that are the destination of coal imports did not respond to any requests for comment.

GOLD MINING IN EASTERN UKRAINE

Moscow also expanded its control over natural resources in the seized Ukrainian territory via state auctions.

According to documents reviewed by the public auctions, state online auctions are selling dozens of assets, including mines, quarries, farmland, and more. The rights to extract sandstone from Luhansk's four mines, as well as crushed stone, chalk, and granite, have been sold.

The rights to develop the Bobrykivske Gold Mine in Luhansk has been one of the largest sales so far. According to the documents of sale, it was purchased for $9.7million by Alchevskpromgroup which is owned by Russian mining company Polyanka. Polyanka mainly develops mines at the far east of Russia.

Bobrykivske’s reserves consist of about 1.64 tonnes of gold. This would be worth nearly $260 million at current spot prices based on the documents.

Korab Resources, an Australian mining company, had been developing the site. Korab Resources had been developing the site in the past. But the Australian mining company stopped its work when the area became seized by Russian-backed rebels. This made it impossible for Korab to gain access to the region which was under Western sanctions.

Satellite images taken in September of the deposit showed tire tracks around the site. Karpinski said that the site had been in operation since June 2024 when asked to compare images taken then with those from September. He pointed out an excavator that appeared in the main pit, and shipping containers at the base of the stockpile.

Alchevskpromgroup and Polyanka did not respond to any questions regarding the sale of Bobrykivske and whether or not work has begun on the site.

Hird of the Institute for the Study of War said that occupying a large area of land comes with significant costs. She added that Russia's ability harness the natural resources and industrial potential of these regions could be important for its finances. These have been severely affected by the war effort as well as international sanctions.

Hird stated that "that can start tipping scales to the point where occupation becomes profitable for Russia." Reporting by Anastasiia Melenko, FilippLebedev, GlebStolyarov and Mari Saito. Additional reporting by PolinaNikolskayaDevitt, Marian PrysiazhniukMarine Delrue, Dan Flynn and PravinChar.

(source: Reuters)