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What is the hantavirus which killed three passengers on a cruise ship?

The World Health Organization says the threat to the public's health is low.

What has happened on the cruise ship?

The WHO announced on Wednesday that eight hantavirus cases, including three deaths, were linked to the MV Hondius cruise ship.

Oceanwide Expeditions, the vessel operator, reported that three people were evacuated on Wednesday. Two of them were'seriously' ill. One patient is still in intensive care in South Africa. A man who was a passenger aboard the ship and returned to Switzerland for treatment in Zurich.

Nearly 150 people are still aboard the ship that has been marooned in Cape Verde waters since Sunday. It is expected to depart for Spain's Canary Islands on Wednesday.

All passengers who do not show symptoms, currently those on board the ship, will be allowed to disembark once they reach the Canary Islands. Spain announced that the 14 Spanish passengers who were quarantined would be in a military clinic, and all other passengers would be returned to their home countries for quarantine.

What is a Hantavirus? Hantaviruses can cause disease in humans and are transmitted by rodents. The WHO estimates that there are between 10,000 and 100,000 cases of human infection worldwide each year. Severity varies by strain.

The Andes hantavirus is typically found in Argentina and Chile. The Hondius left Argentine on April 1st.

How is the virus spread?

Hantavirus is mainly spread by rodents. People are infected when they come into contact with their urine, feces, or saliva. It is spread less commonly through contaminated surfaces. Andes is the only hantavirus known to spread via prolonged, close human-to-human contacts. The WHO stated on Wednesday that it was not aware of any changes to the virus which could have made it more transmissible this way. However, it believes some human-tohuman transmission has occurred on the Hondius.

Studies show that the virus is more likely to spread in the early stages when a patient has symptoms.

Maria Van Kerkhove (Director of Epidemic and Pandemic management, WHO) said in an interview Wednesday that close contacts meant sharing a bunk room or a cabin on the ship. She explained that experts are working to determine which passengers are high-risk and low-risk based on the contact they have with sick passengers.

What are the symptoms of infection?

Hantaviruses are found in many parts of the globe. They cause different symptoms and diseases. Some even do not. According to the WHO symptoms can appear one to eight week after exposure. These include muscle aches, fever and digestive issues.

The?Andes Hantavirus, as well as other hantaviruses found in the Americas, can cause hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. This condition progresses rapidly and causes fluid accumulation in the lungs and heart complications. WHO reports that hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome can cause up to 50% mortality, as opposed to the 1-15% of infections in Asia and Europe.

Can HANTAVIRUS infection be treated?

Since there is no specific treatment, the current approach focuses on supportive measures, such as rest and fluids. Some patients may require breathing assistance, such as a ventilator.

The prevention of rodents is based on measures such as keeping surfaces and areas clean.

During an outbreak, "contact tracing" can provide earlier hospitalization for those who may have been exposed to the virus, thus improving outcomes and preventing spread.

WHAT ARE THE RISE RISKS FOR THE GENERAL PUBLIC Experts said that the cruise ship outbreak was unusual. However, disease outbreaks such as influenza are more common in ships because of the close proximity of people on board.

Experts from the WHO and other countries are investigating the current outbreak, but the U.N. agency for health says that the risk to public health is low.

Pollard explained that by knowing the virus responsible for the outbreak, public health protocols could be used on board the ship (such as containment and isolate) and in the countries where returning passengers were present.

The WHO has warned that hantaviruses will continue to spread worldwide.

(source: Reuters)