Why Americans are paying for unfinished power projects

Unknowingly, millions of Americans finance electric grid projects without realizing any benefits.

According to an analysis of regulatory disclosures, policymakers are allowing utilities to charge customers for transmission lines and power plants long before they have been built. This increases bills for the near future in exchange for the promised savings decades down the line. Incentives are being offered to boost grid upgrades in a time when artificial intelligence data centers demand a lot of power. However, they also increase power bills for businesses and households.

In the past, utilities that wanted to invest in expensive infrastructure projects had to obtain loans from investors and banks, and were only allowed to pass on those costs to their customers once the projects were completed.

These projects can also be financed ahead of time under the Construction Work In Progress (CWIP), a benefit which boosts cash flow for electric utilities and reduces their borrowing costs. These fees can amount to several dollars per household, multiplied by millions of customers.

According to a review involving several thousand pages of rate disclosures from electric utilities, at least 40 U.S. States now offer some form of CWIP incentive. This is twice as many states as a decade earlier, when a study by the economic consultant Brattle Group revealed fewer than twenty states had CWIP provisions.

Until now, there have been no reports on the extent to which CWIP policies spread over the last five years in tandem with the explosion in construction of data centers. Two dozen analysts, industry officials and consumer watchdogs were also interviewed to understand the impact these policies have on the repair and buildout of the grid, as well as the electricity bills for American households.

CWIP policies were used to fund a variety of large energy - and infrastructure projects. These included the Vogtle reactors in Georgia which had significant cost overruns. Another project in Nevada is raising bills for benefits that will be realized decades from now. And a Virginia offshore farm has collected around $2 billion before it even began operations.

The?U.S. After decades of relatively low demand for electricity, the 'U.S. According to U.S. regulators, the electric grid's buffer reserve has become dangerously thin across several regions. This increases the likelihood of rotating blackouts. Grid operators expect electricity demand to increase by more than 2% annually through 2045 after an average annual growth rate of 0.5% between 2009 and 2024.

Reporting indicates that many of the state CWIP policies were introduced only in the last few years as grid tightness increased.

Missouri Governor Mike Kehoe reversed a ban on CWIP incentives in Missouri that had been in place for 50 years to address the rising demand of power from data centres. Arkansas, Kansas Oklahoma and North Carolina all have CWIP provisions in place since 2024.

In a press release, the Governor's?office stated that "Governor Kehoe is convinced CWIP encourages new energy generation and reduces long-term financing cost passed on to ratepayers." Without CWIP, utility bills would increase dramatically when a new plant is brought online. CWIP allows for these costs to be recouped more slowly, reducing the price shocks that customers experience.

The National Governors Association (NGA), which represents state Governors, has stated that it doesn't take a stance on if CWIP would be appropriate for specific states or projects.

Business and consumer groups have criticized?CWIP, claiming that it has increased power costs to fund projects which may not benefit them.

Paul Cicio is the president of Industrial Energy Consumers of America (a trade group representing large manufacturers). "The average ratepayer doesn't know this is happening."

WHY WAIT DECADES for a payout?

According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), U.S. electricity prices have already increased by 40% in the last five years in order to pay for massive investments in an aging electric grid. In hotspots such as Virginia, Maryland and Pennsylvania, data center prices have risen double-digits in the past year. Ben Inskeep is the program director of Citizens Action Coalition of Indiana in Indianapolis, a consumer watchdog organization. He said that "huge rate increases have created a massive affordability crisis for electric power." "CWIP incentives add insult to injury for customers."

Utilities, states and other stakeholders say that CWIP incentives can be crucial to kick-starting the types of projects required to shore up the grid and meet the growing demand after decades of underinvestment. They also claim that these provisions will lower the costs for ratepayers in the long run by reducing the financing costs.

According to Berkshire Hathaway's disclosures, NV Energy, a utility owned by Berkshire Hathaway, charges an average customer $4 a monthly to cover financing costs for long-range high-voltage lines that are scheduled to come into service in 2028.

Utility says that using CWIP as a way to finance the project will be cheaper than borrowing money from Wall Street. This will save money for ratepayers.

Mark Garrett, consultant at Nevada's Bureau of Consumer Protection, said that the benefit calculated - as lower rates – could be as low as 0.1%. It would take a half-century to see the benefits. Garrett stated that a ratepayer must stay with the CWIP for at least 52 years to receive any benefit. This means that a 40-year-old average ratepayer will be 92 years old before they see any benefits from the CWIP model.

NV Energy has not responded to messages seeking comment about Garrett's analysis.

According to regulatory disclosures, in Virginia, the state with the largest concentration of data centres, Dominion Energy has already collected about $2 billion from electric customers for a $11.5 billion offshore farm that is still under construction. This amounts to an average monthly charge of around $11.23, which is the peak amount. Dominion executives claim that the CWIP structure is expected to save ratepayers about $2 billion in the 30-year life of the project.

Wall Street analysts have described the capital expenditure by U.S. utilities as a super-cycle of investment that will surpass $1 trillion over the next five year period. According to financial results, utility companies earn a rate of return that ranges between 9% and 12% on their capital expenditures.

Are Georgia's nukes a cautionary tale?

CWIP incentives often come with provisions that protect utilities from delays and cancellations as well as cost overruns. Ratepayers are left to pay the bill, according to Jason Walter, a University of Tulsa economist.

This is a concern because there has been a long history of projects that have failed, were delayed or over budgeted in the U.S.

Walter stated that "if a project - particularly one involving nuclear energy - cannot attract private investment without a government backstop, this is a clear indication that it may not be an economically responsible investment." "Forcing captive ratespayers to serve as a 'bank' for speculative project serves no clear public benefit."

In some cases, the structure has already triggered a public backlash.

Georgia voters ousted two?Republican Public Service Commissioners in November. This was a result of a referendum against CWIP, which was sparked by massive cost overruns on the construction of two Vogtle reactors.

Georgia regulators report that the project was seven years late and cost $35 billion, which is more than twice as much as the initial estimate of $14 billion. Georgia regulatory documents show that households in the state have paid an average of $1,000 in CWIP costs since 2009, as electricity rates rose sharply.

Patty Durand is the director of Georgians For Affordable Energy. She said that Georgia's nuclear quest should be seen as a warning across the nation for the nuclear hype currently underway. "Georgia's ratepayers suffered a severe blow, and any elected officials who support these high-risk projects could suffer the same fate as the two commissioners, who lost their seats, due to consumer anger."

(source: Reuters)