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Andy Home: The ROI-Sulfur squeeze puts more pressure on the Indonesian nickel industry

The nickel industry in Indonesia is being affected by the soaring sulfur prices due to the continuing closure of "the Strait of Hormuz".

The Gulf is the main source of nickel for the world's biggest producer of battery metal.

The sulfur squeeze is a new measure that the Indonesian government has introduced to try and control its nickel production.

The explosive growth of the country's production will flood the global market, causing prices to plummet in 2024 and 2025.

This month, the prospect of a lower Indonesian production and a corresponding change in market balance lifted London Metal Exchange nickel to its highest levels since two years.

WAR AND POLITICS

The Iran War has significantly reduced the flow of sulfur out of the Gulf. This accounts for about a quarter or the global supply.

75 % of Indonesia's sulfur imports come from the region. Sulfuric acid is produced from sulfur to be used by nickel processing plants that use high-pressure acid leach. The plants produce a mixed hydroxide precipitation, an intermediate product that is used in the battery industry.

The HPAL plants in Indonesia are growing rapidly. The 450,000 metric ton output last year represented more than 10% of the global production. Macquarie Bank estimates that another 100,000 tons of capacity will be added this year.

It was about time for it to fire up.

HPAL operators have already been forced to reduce production due to the sulfur shortage. Zhejiang Huayou Cobalt halted the operation of half its capacity.

Even existing operators struggle to maintain their run-rates, so it seems likely that the next wave will be put on ice.

The sulfurous fallout from the war has exacerbated the effects of the tighter mine production quotas, and the changes in the government's nickel ore minimum selling price.

Macquarie Bank says that the quotas for this year, which are between 260 and 270 millions tons, fall well short of the smelter's requirements. On paper, they're enough to eliminate any expected surplus.

HPAL's new ore pricing formula will increase costs by more than $3,000 per ton. The bank estimates that break-even prices are now up to $18,000 per tonne, when combined with the rising sulfur price.

TIPPING POINT

Analysts are beginning to adjust their expectations about how much Indonesia will produce in this year, and what it means for pricing.

Last month, the International Nickel Study Group predicted that after three years of massive surpluses in supply, there will be a global deficit by 2026.

The 32,000-ton forecast shortfall is small compared to the 283,000-ton excess calculated last year. It is a significant revision to the Group's forecast in October of a large 261,000-ton excess.

The Group reduced its demand growth forecast for 2026 from 6.2% to just 4.2%. Global production is forecast to shrink by 4.3%, as the growth of Indonesian output slows or even reverses.

The forecasts released on April 22 do not explicitly mention the impact of a possible sulfur squeeze. Few expected the Strait of Hormuz would remain closed so long.

RECOVERY

Nickel prices are responding to a combination of rising costs, and possible reductions in production from?a country which accounts for 60% global supply.

In December, the LME's three-month nickel price broke through its previous range of below $16,000 a ton as investors began to focus on Indonesia's planned reduction in production quotas.

It is now at $19,000 per ton, up 14.5% from the beginning of 2026.

Over the same period, investment funds have built up long positions. The collective bet is currently 35,750 contracts or 215,000 tons.

This is still above the 2022 peak, but below the January peak.

It is basically a wager that Indonesia will stop flooding the market.

If it was a simple case of government policy that could be risky.

The mining quotas will be reviewed at the mid-year and may increase significantly. Both the new ore price formula and the mining quotas are being criticized. Chinese operators who?dominate this sector' have complained formally to Jakarta and warned that future?investment was at risk.

It is possible to tweak the policy further.

Jakarta has no control over global sulfur availability. This is the biggest threat to nickel producers around the world. Andy Home is a columnist at. This column is great! Open Interest (ROI) is your new essential source of global financial commentary. Follow ROI on LinkedIn and X. Listen to the Morning Bid podcast daily on Apple, Spotify or the app. Subscribe to the Morning Bid podcast and hear journalists discussing the latest news in finance and markets seven days a weeks.

(source: Reuters)