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Sources and tanker tracking say that traders rebrand Venezuelan crude oil as Brazilian for China.

According to documents, two tanker tracking companies, and four traders, traders have rebranded over $1 billion in Venezuelan crude oil shipments into China as Brazilian crude during the last year. This has helped buyers cut costs on logistics and avoid U.S. sanctions.

Independent refiners are the biggest buyers of oil from sanctioned countries in China. Malaysia offshore is a major transshipment hub, especially for Venezuelan crude and Iranian crude.

Since July 2024 however, traders also rebranded Venezuelan crude oil as coming from Brazil. Tankers can now sail directly from Venezuela into China without stopping in the waters near Malaysia, thereby reducing the journey by four days.

Washington has been imposing sanctions on Venezuelan oil exports since 2019. The goal is to reduce the revenue from oil exports that finances the government of Nicolas Maduro. He has been in power for over a decade, and has won elections that many observers claim were fraudulent.

Maduro, along with his government, has rejected the sanctions imposed by the United States as illegitimate and akin to an "economic war". They claim that they are intended to cripple Venezuela.

Oil traders are moving oil between ships at sea in order to hide the origin of Venezuelan oil before it is sent to China, the world's largest crude importer.

TankerTrackers.com, a monitoring service, has compiled and analysed maritime data, satellite images and shoreside photographs to show that shippers are altering the location signals of tankers to make them appear to be sailing from Brazilian ports, when in fact they are sailing from Venezuela. This is called spoofing.

China's customs data shows that between July 2024 to March 2025 it imported mixed bitumen worth $1.2 billion, which is about 2.7 metric tons or 67,000 barrels a day (bpd).

According to Petrobras, the state oil company, China buys Brazilian crude regularly but Brazil exports bitumen blends very rarely. Brazilian customs data shows that no bitumen blend has been exported to China since 2023.

A mixed bitumen or bitumen mixture is a residue similar to tar that can be processed into asphalt. Brazil's crude oil exports are typically classified as a medium-sweet oil, which is derived from the prolific offshore fields called pre-salt.

Magda Chambriard, CEO of Petrobras, told reporters at a Houston conference last week that the crude oil we export to China comes primarily from pre-salt and is not bitumen.

According to trading sources, Vortexa Analytics, and documents from the Venezuelan state-run PDVSA, many crude cargoes labelled as Brazilian bitumen are actually Venezuela's Merey. This flagship heavy crude is typically purchased by China's independent refining companies through Venezuela's PDVSA.

Chinese traders claim that Merey has been branded as a bitumen mix for years, since refiners don't need to meet government import quotas in order to import the tar like oil.

Three traders claimed that to make the switch, the dealers simply change the documents of the shipments from Brazilian origin to a new certificate for the oil without having the vessels go near Brazil or undergoing any ship-to vessel operations.

According to documents from PDVSA and data collected by TankerTrackers.com, this year several vessels chartered as intermediaries of Venezuelan crude by Hangzhou Energy "spoofed" the signals, placing them artificially in Brazil, while loading in Venezuela.

I was unable find a contact at Hangzhou Energy which, according to PDVSA documents, has been loading crude oil from Venezuela since 2021 as an intermediary.

According to documents and TankerTrackers.com, the Liberia flagged tanker Karina filled 1.8 million barrels Venezuelan Merey-16 crude for Hangzhou Energy under the name Katelyn in February. The tanker spoofed the signal to make it look like it was leaving Brazil while it was in Venezuela. According to TankerTrackers.com, it discharged in China's Yangpu Port early April.

China's Customs Agency did not respond immediately to a comment request. PDVSA and the Venezuelan oil ministry, as well as the Brazilian government, did not respond to requests for comments.

COST SAVING

One of the traders who is a regular seller of Venezuelan oil said that, in addition to reducing the journey and lowering the costs of ship-to-ship, presenting cargoes as Brazilian helps secure bank financing.

The person stated that "the savings on the freight side are not very large, but they help secure financing and relieve traders' financial pressure during the two-month long voyages."

Due to the sensitive nature of the topic, the traders refused to be identified.

China, as Venezuela, has said repeatedly that it is opposed to unilateral sanctions.

Venezuela's crude oil exports mainly go to China.

Venezuela exported 351,000 bpd last year of heavy fuel and oil to China. According to PDVSA documents, and data collected by shipping companies, volumes increased to 463,000 barrels per day in the first four month of 2025.

Traders have reported that the majority of China's Venezuelan oil imports are still being declared as Malaysian crude, mixed bitumen or Malaysian crude, and less than 10% is officially reported as Venezuelan.

(source: Reuters)