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China's fishing vessel raises concern off Argentina

A radio on an Argentine Coast Guard ship picked up a garbled Mandarin message from boats nearby.

The vessels were part of a fleet of 200 Chinese fishing boats that spend several months each year in the waters off South America, primarily to catch squid for 'the world's biggest squid markets'.

Over the past decade, the size of the flotilla increased by almost 50%. Buenos Aires increased its surveillance in that period to ensure the flotilla didn't fish within the exclusive economic zones where Argentina controls all maritime resources.

Interviews with four Argentinean and four U.S. officials revealed that Washington also had concerns about overfishing outside of the country's borders, and suspicions about intelligence gathering. Washington began highlighting global overfishing of Chinese-flagged ships in the late 2010s when the first Donald Trump Administration started to stress U.S. rivalry with Beijing. Trump, who extended a $20 billion financial lifeline to the government of Argentinean leader Javier Milei last year, has declared U.S. 'dominance' over the Western Hemisphere as a major objective of his administration.

Washington is at odds with China because it has invested heavily in Latin America over the past 20 years, including Argentina. Beijing has built port facilities in Brazil and Peru, developed Venezuela's petroleum sector and established a military-run station for space observation in Argentina.

In response to questions, the Chinese Foreign Ministry stated that suspicions about intelligence gathering surrounding the fishing fleet are "pure speculations without any factual foundation."

The ministry stated that "China is an responsible fishing nation. It strictly enforces the regulations of its distant water fishing activities, and engages in mutually beneficial fishing cooperation with the relevant countries according to international law."

The U.S. helped Argentina improve its patrols to protect its waters against illegal fishing. This included approving the purchase of P-3C Orion maritime reconnaissance aircraft, which are U.S. origin.

Marcelo Rozas, vice-minister of defense for 2025, has said that Argentina had suspicions about some Chinese fishing vessels being equipped with antennas which are incompatible with fishing activities.

He said that they may have been looking to intercept communications or information, but did not provide any details on the antennas.

Buenos Aires, Washington, and Argentina have discussed Chinese vessels observed by Argentina moving in a way that indicates they may be mapping the continental plate for undersea resource, said Juan Battaleme.

Only Argentina is allowed to explore and exploit the resources in its shelf under international law.

Washington was worried that China's fleet is being used to establish a regional presence, and to?test Argentina’s ability to control their waters in the South Atlantic which provides access to Antarctica, and other important water passages.

People interviewed for this article did not offer any evidence to support their suspicions. The review of maritime movement from January 2025 until March 2026, using a ship tracking platform developed by New Zealand's Starboard Maritime intelligence?found no evidence that Chinese-flagged ships were engaged in mass seabed map activity around Argentina at that time. Data from the firm did not exclude such an activity on a smaller-scale.

Battaleme, without revealing any details, said that Argentine officials notified Beijing whenever incidents of possible seabed map mapping were spotted.

He said that the Chinese officials responded with "ambiguous excuses"?about why a boat's trajectory had been changed.

China's Foreign Ministry ?did not address a question on its interactions with Argentine officials in its statement.Argentina's defense ministry and coast guard did not respond to requests for comment.

A spokesperson from the U.S. Department of Defense declined to comment on specifics of the private diplomatic or intelligence discussions with Buenos Aires. However, Washington viewed Argentina as a "key leader in regional safety."

A Pentagon spokesperson stated that the Pentagon was concerned about activities which "challenge sovereign nations' ability to manage their waters" and "aware of the global concerns regarding dual-use nature certain distant-water fisheries fleets".

MASSIVE FLEET

The size of China's massively subsidized far-water fishing fleet is the root cause of global overfishing concerns. It is the largest fleet in the world.

According to the London-based ODI Global, China's naval fleet is composed of over 16,000 boats. However, in 2023 the Chinese government stated that this number was only 2,500.

Oceana, a U.S. nonprofit organization, said that last year about half of visible global fishing activities can be attributed Beijing.

Chinese fleets have expanded around the world, largely because Beijing has overfished its own coasts and depleted stock levels.

Collin Koh is a security expert at Singapore's S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies. He said that such fleets in the South China Sea include militia units, whose members are fishermen by day but who can be called upon to assist Beijing with security tasks.

Gregory Poling, an expert in maritime security at the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), said that he saw no evidence of systematic militia activities by the Chinese off the coast of Latin America. He said that China had not acknowledged publicly the presence of commercial vessels in its maritime miltia.

U.S. officials who are studying the Chinese presence in Argentina "wonder... whether these boats played any role in gathering intel for the Chinese," according to Jana Nelson, the top Pentagon official in the Biden Administration for this region.

She stated that she didn't know if the conclusion was reached.

The fleet is located near strategic waters. U.S. aircraft carrier ships pass through the Strait of Magellan which connects the Atlantic Ocean and Pacific Oceans, and offers an alternative to the Panama Canal.

Despite Milei’s friendship with Trump, and his previous remarks that Argentine waters are "invaded" by illegal fisherman, his government has avoided mentioning China directly when discussing the foreign vessel. Other countries operate fishing boats as well. While most are Chinese-flagged, there are also other nations that operate in this area.

Battaleme stated that unlike Washington, Argentina does not have a rivalry strategic with China. Beijing, Argentina's largest trading partner since March, buys important agricultural exports such as soybeans and cattle. Beijing has become a major player in the investment world, investing money in sectors ranging from renewable energy to infrastructure and lithium.

Battaleme said that it was in Argentina's best interest to find out if China gathers intelligence by using its fleet.

He said that in this sense, North American interests and ours coincide.

'SURPRISE FACTOR'

The majority of the squid-fishing near Argentina occurs at night when boats use beams to attract Illex Squid migrating into the high seas. Trawlers drag nets during the day to capture other fish.

Argentina raised its concerns about overfishing in discussions with Beijing and other countries, hoping to achieve an agreement that would protect the stock.

"They are fishing viciously in the region," said Marcela, a specialist on squid at Argentina's National Institute for Fisheries Research and Development.

I was aboard the Argentine Coast Guard ship Azopardo when it sailed outside the EEZ of the country, towards the bright lights from the fleet's squid boat.

On the radar screen, a red line marked where the EEZ began. Outside were hundreds of green triangles that represented foreign boats.

Bruno Cian, auxiliary coast guard officer, said: "The idea is that there should be a surprise element." To see who is infringing." Even as recently as 2016, Argentina sank an illegally fishing Chinese trawler.

The days of coast guards chasing boats on the high seas, firing warning shots to try and capture them for fishing illegally are over.

The data from the Coast Guard shows that there were only four suspected incidents of illegal fishing by foreign vessels in the EEZ during 2021-2025.

Battaleme stated that "we are certain that the Chinese now know that we can monitor them." Reporting by Leila Mille in Buenos Aires, and Farah Masters in Hong Kong. Additional reporting by Pete McKenzie. Editing by Katerina Ang.

(source: Reuters)