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Can Africa seize the moment to compete for critical minerals? Andy Home

Africa could transform itself as global competition increases for essential minerals.

Although the continent has a large amount of energy transition metals like copper, manganese and cobalt but it is still far from its full potential.

According to the Brookings Institution, Africa's share of global mineral revenue is only 10%, even though it holds 30% of world reserves.

It's possible that there are still more hidden treasures underground. According to CSIS, the U.S. think tank, only 10% of the global mineral exploration was focused on the continent in 2024.

As Africa moves to the forefront of the global battle for resources, the West and China will be vying for the control of metals, which are essential components in both green technologies as well as AI data centers.

Can Africa seize the metallic moment?

In order to do this, the continent will have to break away from a long history of resource exploitation.

The European colonisation in Africa during the late 19th century and the early 20th century laid the foundations of unequal trade relationships based on the extraction of materials for export markets. This pattern persists today.

Africans have sacrificed blood, sweat, and tears to build rubber plantations in Belgian Congo, goldfields in South Africa, or copper mines in what is now Zambia. But foreign investors reap the rewards.

Many African governments now realise that the global demand for critical metals presents a unique opportunity to alter the terms of the resource trade.

Let's Build a Smelter

Building more processing capacity is one way African nations can capture more value in mining.

Indonesia is a leader in the world. The country will ban nickel ore exports in 2020 and force miners to invest into smelters.

This strategy has proven so successful, that Indonesia is the dominant producer of nickel in the world, and exports a variety of nickel products including refined metals with high purity, as well as sulphate, which is used by battery manufacturers.

African countries have taken notice.

Zimbabwe has imposed controls on the export of lithium, Guinea on bauxite, and the Democratic?Republic of Congo both on cobalt as well as copper. All of these countries are leveraging raw materials in order to increase domestic processing capacity.

According to a report published in June by the World Bank and CRU, there are "vast" barriers to starting a successful business.

Even when prices fall, a business with low margins can still be profitable if the power supply, infrastructure and logistics are all right.

These factors may even be more important than mineral reserves themselves.

Look at Angola. Angola is building a smelter for aluminium at Barra do Dande, despite not having bauxite or the ability to convert it into alumina - the intermediate product used in the smelting procedure.

The project has a deep sea port that is suitable for handling raw material?and a strategically located free-trade area, which allows it to take advantage of shared infrastructure, favorable business rates, and reliable electricity supplies.

CORRIDONS OF POWER

Angola is also at the end one of the biggest infrastructure projects in Sub-Saharan Africa - a project that will have a huge impact on the region's efforts to limit the external power of the continent.

The Lobito Corridor is a combination of new and existing rail lines that will link the central African Copperbelt to the Angolan Port of Lobito.

Both the U.S.A. and Europe are heavily supporting this ambitious project.

The strategic importance of this is immense

The Lobito Corridor is a Western shipping alternative for the Chinese-built TAZARA rail line that runs from Zambia to Tanzania's port of Dar es Salaam.

TAZARA is a transit route that carries a large amount of copper and cobalt from the region as it begins its long journey to a Chinese Port.

Chinese companies operate and own some of the biggest copper and?cobalt mining operations in the region. This begins a supply-chain that leads to Chinese electric vehicles and humble air conditioner units.

The Lobito Corridor represents a direct challenge against this dominance. The project reduces the time it takes to transport goods from Congo's mining areas to the sea to one week. This helps to reduce risks for potential private sector investment.

China responded by committing to spend $1.4billion to renovate TAZARA which it funded in the 1970s.

In the end, both Congo and Zambia could benefit from competing rail corridors.

GROWTH CONDUCTORS

However, the Lobito Corridor promises more than just a quick exit route for Africa’s metals.

The 1,800-km (1,120-mile route) is designed to create agricultural, metals, and technology hubs.

Western partners are investing in both hard and soft infrastructure, which the European Union calls "soft connectivity". This includes trade facilitation, vocational and technical training, as well as a focus on local employment.

In Angola the results are already visible, since the railway infrastructure is being simply upgraded, rather than constructed from scratch as it will be in Zambia by 2030. Upgrades provide immediate economic opportunities in the local economy.

Angolan agricultural products from Huambo Province, the farming heartland of Angola, are now accompanying Congo's cobalt and copper on their way to Lobito.

Angola exports its first avocados into Europe thanks to a trade logistics platform funded by the EU and a EUR50 million investment programme for sustainable agricultural chains.

The Lobito Corridor can be a way to escape Africa's resource-trap.

If they are primarily export-oriented, building processing plants may not necessarily bring wealth to the local economy.

The Congo's copper is now mostly in high-purity metals, but it still exports most of it to China.

This must change if Africa wants to get a bigger share of its mineral revenue.

HISTORIC MINERS

How to manage the traditional workforce is perhaps the biggest challenge that African countries face in converting their mineral wealth into sustainable economic growth.

Around 10 million people in Africa are involved directly in small-scale mining. Many more depend on it to survive.

Africans have been engaged in mining for thousands years. Small-scale collective operations were the norm, especially in rural areas where employment opportunities are low.

Women and children are still willing to participate in this dangerous job. The environmental impact is devastating and fatalities are not uncommon.

ASM, although often referred to as "artisanal", is more like bonded labour. The ground ore is sold by middlemen for a fraction its real value.

ASM is often used as forced labour in conflict zones, such as the eastern provinces of Congo and certain Sahel-based countries.

Africa's historical miner operate in a "dark zone" thanks to laws from colonial times declaring such "native operations" illegal.

Many Western companies are hesitant to buy metals that contain ASM ore, and this is understandable.

Multiple efforts are being made to "formalise" ASM, by integrating its workforce into the official mining industry.

The biggest is in Congo. This country has been targeted for years by activists who want to exploit its "blood" cobalt.

Kinshasa tried and failed to merge its "illegal miners" into the official sector.

The new Eurasian Resources Group scheme promises better results, thanks to new controls on cobalt exports and increased powers for the mining regulator Entreprise Generale du Cobalt.

Irony: If the West wants Congo cobalt, but doesn't want Chinese operators to supply it, they need to go to the ASM sector. The metal must be accompanied by guarantees that human rights violations have not been committed.

Everyone has an interest in bringing Africa's original miner back from the cold. For Africa, this may be the most powerful lever to change a bloody history of exploitation.

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(source: Reuters)