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Delta Air Lines refinery investment looks more valuable with jet fuel squeeze

The purchase of an aging refinery by Delta Air Lines outside of?Philadelphia, in 2012 was a move that seemed unusual.

Most airlines buy jet fuel directly from suppliers. Delta bought a refinery to convert crude oil into jet fuel, among other products.

This deal, which was intended to reduce fuel costs for airlines, also attracted scrutiny due to the growing pressure on them to cut emissions. As 'jet fuel prices' rise faster than crude during the 'Iran war, increasing airline fuel bills by a wider refining margin, this bet looks more significant.

A wider gap between jet fuel and crude fuel will result in higher fuel prices for most airlines. Delta continues to pay market prices for fuel that is transferred from its Monroe refinery into its airline operations.

Delta said that by owning a refinery, the profits from fuel refining will stay within the company and not go to external suppliers.

The Math Behind the Squeeze

In recent weeks, jet fuel prices have increased sharply. This has led to a widening of the crack spread - the difference between crude oil prices and fuels made from them.

According to the International Air Transport Association, North American jet fuel prices averaged $179 per barrel in the week ending March 20. Brent crude was around $110, according to their data. U.S. spot fuel prices rose even more, to $4.56 per gallon or $192 per barrel on March 20. This was according to the trade group Airlines for America.

This spread is included in the fuel price that airlines pay. If the spread widens, fuel costs for airlines can increase quickly, even if crude oil prices are not moving as sharply.

Alaska Air Group CEO Benito Minicucci stated last week that the airline consumes approximately 100 million gallons per month. This means a $1 increase to jet fuel costs adds around $100 million to monthly costs.

REFINERY OFFSET

Delta didn't say how much the current Monroe spike could be offset, but filings show that it has kept fuel costs down in periods where refining margins have widened.

Delta reported that Monroe had lowered its average fuel prices by 23 cents per gallon, 10 cents a year in 2023 and 4 cents a year in 2025. According to its reported fuel consumption, these reductions are equivalent to $785, $393, $41 and $171 millions, respectively. Monroe?generated $777 millions in operating income by 2022 when the refining margins surged following Russia's invasion in Ukraine, which disrupted global markets.

Delta's fuel cost benefit has historically increased as refining margins widen and decreased when they shrink.

Morningstar analyst Nicolas Owens says the structure can help to reduce the impact of spikes on refining margins.

Owens said that when crack spreads increase, Delta pays itself the crack spread on the fuel portion. It does reduce the impact of fuel price increases for Delta.

Refineries can also become a hindrance when margins are tight. Delta's filings reveal that Monroe suffered a $216-million operating loss in 2020 when the pandemic slowed jet fuel demand, and disrupted markets for refined products.

How does it compare?

The last time fuel prices spiked, the difference was noticeable.

Delta's fuel costs rose from $2.02 to $3.36 per gallon, in 2022, bringing its annual fuel bill up from 20% to $11.5 billion. United Airlines paid $3.63 per gallon on average in 2022 compared to $2.11 a year earlier. This pushed its fuel bill up from 22% to 31%, or $13.1 billion.

The mix of fleets, routes and other factors affect the price per gallon that airlines pay.

RIVALS FEEL SQUEEZE

Minicucci stated that Alaska is shifting fuel away from the U.S. West Coast -- including tankering from Singapore to Seattle -- because refinery margins in Alaska have driven jet fuel prices up about 20 cents a gallon. American Airlines said that higher fuel prices have added $400 million to the first quarter fuel bill. This is since their last update late in January. United CEO Scott Kirby told employees last week that fuel prices had risen by more than two-thirds in just three weeks. If sustained, this could result in an increase of $11 billion on United's fuel bill annually, which is more than twice its best ever yearly profit.

Denton Cinquegrana is the chief oil analyst for Oil Price Information Service.

Costs and Limitations

Delta is still exposed to fuel price increases. The refinery's profits may fluctuate depending on market conditions.

Refineries also incur regulatory costs. Delta reported that its expenses?for compliance with the U.S. Renewable Fuel Standard?rose to $312 millions?in 2020 from $203million in 2024.

These compliance costs can eat away at the financial benefits Monroe offers in years where refining margins have been tight.

DELTA'S EDGÉ

Delta CEO Ed Bastian stated last week that rising jet fuel costs had increased the airline's fuel bills by about $400 million in March.

He said that the refinery is a "meaningful hedge", in terms of the refining margins between crude oil, jet fuel and other products. He said that the refinery would not cover all of the cracks. "But it gives us an important hedge."

Bastian stated that Monroe's profits would begin to contribute in the second quarter. (Reporting and editing by Rod Nickel; Additional reporting from Nicole Jao in New York, Chicago; Reporting by Rajesh Kumar Singh)

(source: Reuters)